CHAPTER II
Review of Related Literature
Quality Assurance Solutions reveals that the history of 5S goes back as far as the 16th Century and Venice shipbuilders. In an effort to streamline the assembly process, workers used quality process production to build ships in hours instead of days or weeks.
From there, it was Sakichi Toyoda and son Kiichiro as well as Toyota engineer Taiichi Ohno who developed the 5S methodology or what they called the Total Production System of TPS after World War II.
The three Toyota representatives looked at both Ford Motor Company’s assembly lines and the inventory process at the supermarket chain Piggly Wiggly. Through analysis at Ford, they did notice waste along with workers who had to wait for one step to be completed which resulted in layoffs and rehiring. At Piggly Wiggly supermarkets, their inventory system of ordering only what was needed based on demand helped them understand and implement the just in time or JIT process into the 5S methodology.
The 5S Methodology formed by Toyota offered each employee a level of importance and encouragement that every job(s) were essential to the process and end product. Waste was kept to a minimum and workspace organization led to timely outcomes with genuine employee pride.
5S in Japan
5S developed in Japan. We first heard of it as one of the techniques that enabled what we then termed ‘Just in Time Manufacturing’. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s 5-year study into the future of the automobile in the late 1980s identified that the term was inappropriate since the Japanese success was built upon far more than components arriving only at the time of requirement. John Krafcik, a researcher on the project, ascribed Lean to the collective techniques being used in Japanese automobile manufacturing; it reflected the focus on waste in all its forms that was central to the Japanese approach. Minimized inventory was only one aspect developed by Hiroyuki Hirano within his overall approach to production systems. Many Western managers coming across the approach for the first time found the experience one of enlightenment. They had perhaps always known the role of Housekeeping within optimized manufacturing performance and had always known the elements of best practice. However, Hirano provided a structure for improvement programmes. He pointed out a series of clearly-identifiable steps, each building upon its predecessor. Western managers, for example, had always recognized the need to decide upon locations for materials and tools and upon the flow of work through a work area; central to this (but perhaps implicit) is the principle that items not essential to the process should be removed – stored elsewhere or eliminated completely. By differentiating between Seiri and Seiton, Hirano made the distinction explicit. He taught his audience that any effort to consider layout and flow before the removal of the unnecessary items was likely to lead to a sub-optimal solution.
Equally the Seiso, or cleanliness, phase is a distinct element of the change programme that can transform a process area. Hirano’s view is that the definition of a cleaning methodology (Seiso) is a discrete activity, not to be confused with the organization of the workplace and this clearly helps to structure any improvement programme. It has to be recognized, however, that there is inevitably an overlap between Seiton and Seiso. Western managers understood that the opportunities for various cleanliness methodologies vary with the layout and storage mechanisms adopted but by breaking down the improvement activity in this way it is quite clear that the requirements for the cleanliness regime have to be understood as a factor in the design aspect of Seiton. Interestingly, as noted by John Bicheno, Toyota’s adoption of the Hirano approach, is ‘4S’, with Seiton and Seiso combined – presumably for this very reason. The improvement team must avoid the trap of designing the work area and then considering the cleanliness or tidiness mechanism.
Hirano also reminded the world of the Hawthorne Effect. We can all introduce change and while people in the business consider the change programme to be under management focus the benefits of the change will continue, but when this focus has moved (as is inevitably the case) performance will once more slip. Western managers, in particular, may have benefitted from the distinction between the procedural or mechanical elements, Seiketsu, of keeping these matters in focus and the culture change, Shitsuke, which is most definitely a distinct approach to bringing about a new way of working. A number of publications on the subject in the West have questioned whether this culture can really be tackled as part of an exercise of relatively limited scope. The broader kaizen, or continuous improvement, approach is built, among other things, upon the company’s valuation of all members of the workforce. If employees don’t feel valued within the overall company culture, perhaps the change required falls outside the limits of a Housekeeping improvement programme.
The 5S Methodology
Seiri. The first step of the "5S" process, seiri, refers to the act of throwing away all unwanted, unnecessary, and unrelated materials in the workplace. People involved in Seiri must not feel sorry about having to throw away things. The idea is to ensure that everything left in the workplace is related to work. Even the number of necessary items in the workplace must be kept to its absolute minimum. Because of seiri, simplification of tasks, effective use of space, and careful purchase of items follow.
Seiton. Seiton, or orderliness, is all about efficiency. This step consists of putting everything in an assigned place so that it can be accessed or retrieved quickly, as well as returned in that same place quickly. If everyone has quick access to an item or materials, work flow becomes efficient, and the worker becomes productive. The correct place, position, or holder for every tool, item, or material must be chosen carefully in relation to how the work will be performed and who will use them. Every single item must be allocated its own place for safekeeping, and each location must be labeled for easy identification of what it's for.
Seiso. Seiso, the third step in "5S", says that 'everyone is a janitor.' Seiso consists of cleaning up the workplace and giving it a 'shine'. Cleaning must be done by everyone in the organization, from operators to managers. It would be a good idea to have every area of the workplace assigned to a person or group of persons for cleaning. No area should be left unclean. Everyone should see the 'workplace' through the eyes of a visitor - always thinking if it is clean enough to make a good impression.
Seiketsu. The fourth step of "5S", or seiketsu, more or less translates to 'standardized clean-up'. It consists of defining the standards by which personnel must measure and maintain 'cleanliness'. Seiketsu encompasses both personal and environmental cleanliness. Personnel must therefore practice 'seiketsu' starting with their personal tidiness. Visual management is an important ingredient of seiketsu. Color-coding and standardized coloration of surroundings are used for easier visual identification of anomalies in the surroundings. Personnel are trained to detect abnormalities using their five senses and to correct such abnormalities immediately.
Shitsuke. The last step of "5S", Shitsuke, means 'Discipline.' It denotes commitment to maintain orderliness and to practice the first 4 S as a way of life. The emphasis of shitsuke is elimination of bad habits and constant practice of good ones. Once true shitsuke is achieved, personnel voluntarily observe cleanliness and orderliness at all times, without having to be reminded by management.
5S in the Philippines
There were seminars conducted and different institutions that were brought by international companies that practices 5S in the workplace. Some Local Government Units (LGU’s), Public and Private Companies, and higher institutions like colleges and universities offer lessons and seminars to implement the 5S methodology. Different companies, schools, colleges and universities, as well as government institutions and at home have practiced the 5S in their workplace. And that was acquired by the different institutions to help their workplace maintain cleanliness and order.
5S in Bulacan
Bulacan is one of the most progressive provinces in the Philippines. They also implemented the 5S methodology in the different offices and local cities and municipalities around the province. In fact, the Provincial Planning and Development Office has been awarded as the Best Practitioner of 5S on Good Housekeeping for the years 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004, and 2005 by the Provincial Government of Bulacan (PGB). Implementing 5S is one of the goals of every local cities and municipalities in Bulacan that they maintain proper cleaning of waste and the best in implementing 5S.
5S in Baliuag University
The 5S in Baliuag University started way back in 2001. One of the goals of 5S is Quality. The degree of impact of dirt in a manufacturing environment, obviously, varies with the nature of the product and its process but there are few, if any, areas where dirt is welcome. Another goal is improved Health & Safety. Clear pathways between workbenches and storage racks can minimize accidents, as can properly-swept floors. As with Quality, a well-organized, clean and tidy facility lends itself more readily to standard practice.
The 5S was then improved and it is now commonly known as 5K (Kaligtasan, Kalusugan, Kaayusan, Kalinisan sa Kapaligiran). Now on its 3rd year, the 5K Committee was reorganized to encourage engagement of more employees and students. New and worthwhile projects and activities were introduced to further strengthen the implementation of the University’s prime program. Innovative and responsive projects are still to be implemented to assure fulfillment of the 5K Program’s advocacy: that is to ensure clean, safe, and healthy campus environment for everyone at Baliuag U.
The World Health Organization (WHO) states that: "Sanitation generally refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and feces. Inadequate sanitation is a major cause of disease world-wide and improving sanitation is known to have a significant beneficial impact on health both in households and across communities. The word 'sanitation' also refers to the maintenance of hygienic conditions, through services such as garbage collection and wastewater disposal
In 2005, it further states that almost fifty per cent of the developing world’s population – 2.5 billion people – lack improved sanitation facilities, and over 884 million people still use unsafe drinking water sources. Inadequate access to safe water and sanitation services, coupled with poor hygiene practices, kills and sickens thousands of children every day, and leads to impoverishment and diminished opportunities for thousands more.
Poor sanitation, water and hygiene have many other serious repercussions. Children – and particularly girls – are denied their right to education because their schools lack private and decent sanitation facilities. Women are forced to spend large parts of their day fetching water. Poor farmers and wage earners are less productive due to illness, health systems are overwhelmed and national economies suffer. Without WASH (water, sanitation and hygiene), sustainable development is impossible.
The UNICEF (1999) works in more than 90 countries around the world to improve water supplies and sanitation facilities in schools and communities, and to promote safe hygiene practices. We sponsor a wide range of activities and work with many partners, including families, communities, governments and like-minded organizations. In emergencies we provide urgent relief to communities and nations threatened by disrupted water supplies and disease. All UNICEF WASH programmes are designed to contribute to the Millennium Development Goal for water and sanitation: to halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe water and basic sanitation.
Access to improved water and sanitation facilities does not, on its own, necessarily lead to improved health. There is now very clear evidence showing the importance of hygienic behavior, in particular hand-washing with soap at critical times: after defecating and before eating or preparing food. Hand-washing with soap can significantly reduce the incidence of diarrhea, which is the second leading cause of death amongst children under five years old. In fact, recent studies suggest that regular hand-washing with soap at critical times can reduce the number of diarrhea bouts by almost 50 per cent.
According to Lake (1985), good hand-washing practices have also been shown to reduce the incidence of other diseases, notably pneumonia, trachoma, scabies, skin and eye infections and diarrhea-related diseases like cholera and dysentery. The promotion of hand-washing with soap is also a key strategy for controlling the spread of Avian Influenza (bird flu).
The key to increasing the practice of hand-washing with soap is to promote behavioral change through motivation, information and education. There are a variety of ways to do this including high-profile national media campaigns, peer-to-peer education techniques, hygiene lessons for children in schools and the encouragement of children to demonstrate good hygiene to their families and communities. It is also true that without water there is no hygiene. Research shows that the less readily available water is, the less likely that good hygiene will be practiced in households.
Hand Wash
Hand washing for hand hygiene is the act of cleaning the hands with or without the use of water or another liquid, or with the use of soap, for the purpose of removing soil, dirt, and/or microorganisms.
Accoring to Macdonald, et.al (2006), the importance of antiseptic hand-washing has been recognised for over 150 years. During the antibiotic era, they have had the relative luxury of effectively treating infections with antibiotics. However, in recent years, they have seen the emergence of antibiotic-resistant organisms and the importance of hygiene within hospitals has re-emerged as a priority for the 21st century. In the UK, it is estimated that 300,000 patients annually suffer from hospital-acquired infections which can result in a prolonged hospital stay with an increase in morbidity and mortality. It is accepted that alcohol gel is the most effective antibacterial hand-washing agent and its use can reduce the spread of infection.
Medical hand hygiene pertains to the hygiene practices related to the administration of medicine and medical care that prevents or minimizes disease and the spreading of disease. The main medical purpose of washing hands is to cleanse the hands of pathogens (including bacteria or viruses) and chemicals which can cause personal harm or disease. This is especially important for people who handle food or work in the medical field, but it is also an important practice for the general public. People can become infected with respiratory illnesses such as influenza or the common cold, for example, if they don't wash their hands before touching their eyes, nose, or mouth. Indeed, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has stated: "It is well documented that one of the most important measures for preventing the spread of pathogens is effective hand washing." As a general rule, hand washing protects people poorly or not at all from droplet- and airborne diseases, such as measles, chickenpox, influenza, and tuberculosis. It protects best against diseases transmitted through fecal-oral routes (such as many forms of stomach flu) and direct physical contact (such as impetigo).
In addition to hand washing with soap and water, the use of alcohol gels is an effective form of killing some kinds of pathogens.
Global Handwashing Day (GHD) is a campaign to motivate and mobilize millions around the world to wash their hands with soap. It takes place on October 15 of each year. The campaign is dedicated to raising awareness of handwashing with soap as a key approach to disease prevention.
It was made at the annual World Water Week 2008, which was held in Stockholm from August 17 to 23 and initiated the Public Private Partnership for Handwashing (PPPHW). The Global Handwashing Day took place for the first time on October 15, 2008, the date appointed by UN General Assembly in accordance with year 2008 as the International Year of Sanitation.
The theme for Global Handwashing Day’s inaugural year was Focus on School Children. The members pledged to get the maximum number of school children handwashing with soap in more than 70 countries.
In the Philippines, a multi media Handwashing campaign was launched on Global Handwashing Day to raise awareness among the population. Key activities included: a press conference on September 12 to announce the local coalition with a symbolic handprints activity and handwashing with kids, held at Museo Pambata (Museum for Children). Furthermore, handwashing was promoted through a road show with different stakeholders: schools, businesses and media, prior to the official launch of Global Handwashing Day on October 15 at Makati Park in the heart of the central business district. Over 100 school children were invited to participate in the event and kick off the advocacy of making handwashing with soap an important habit. Starting October 1, there was advocacy for handwashing through press and media articles, TV interviews, banners and posters on Metro Rail Transit (MRT). Simultaneous activities were held outside Manila in other regions.
An Environmental Health Project (September, 2004), was conducted by the Office of Health, Infectious Diseases and Nutrition, Bureau for Global Health, U.S. Agency for International Development Washington, DC, during their morning routines, Peruvian families wash their hands during critical events associated with feces or food approximately one-fourth of the time. Handwashing with soap is much less frequent, occurring once for every 10 risk events. The presence of soap in all households and running water in more than 50% of them does not guarantee frequent handwashing with soap; however, it does provide a favorable context for a possible future increase of the practice.
A higher percentage of handwashing with soap was observed during risk events involving feces than during risk events involving food. Survey participants’ reported knowledge of when handwashing was necessary seems to contrast with their observed behavior. For example, although mothers reported that handwashing was most necessary before eating, they washed their hands more often after coming into contact with feces. This suggests that the automatic reaction to the odor or appearance of feces motivates handwashing more so than does the knowledge of the importance of handwashing before eating. In risk events involving food, mothers washed their hands more frequently at lunchtime than at other times of the day.
According to Christine L. Case, Ed.D (2001), studies indicate that inadequate hand washing and cross-contamination is responsible for as much as 40% of food borne illnesses, including Salmonella. It is estimated that there are over 80 million cases of food poisoning in the United States each year, resulting in greatly increased health care costs, loss of job productivity, and as many as 10,000 deaths per year. About 20,000 people die from nosocomial infections each year, due primarily to the lack of infection control programs. $500 million would be saved if just 17% of the nosocomial infections were prevented. This money could be used for such things as cancer or AIDS research. What a simple act, hand washing, with such remarkable benefits if it were to be practiced properly.
Tissue/Toilet Papers
Toilet paper is a soft paper product (tissue paper) used to maintain personal hygiene after human defecation or urination. However, it can also be used for other purposes such as blowing one's nose when one has a cold or absorbing common spills around the house, although paper towels are more used for the latter. It differs in composition somewhat from facial tissue: most modern toilet paper in the developed world is designed to decompose in septic tanks, whereas some other bathroom and facial tissues are not. Most septic tank manufacturers advise against using paper products that are non-septic tank safe. Different names, euphemisms and slang terms are used for toilet paper in countries around the world, including "bum wad", "loo roll/paper," "bog roll," "toilet roll," "dunny roll/paper," "bathroom/toilet tissue," "4 inch" "TP," or just "tissue." Toilet paper can be one-, two- or three-ply, or even thicker, meaning that it is either a single sheet or two, three sheets placed back-to-back to make it thicker, softer, stronger and more absorbent. Color, scents, and embossing may also be added, but fragrances sometimes cause problems for consumers who are allergic to perfumes. The biggest difference between toilet papers is the distinction between virgin paper products, which are formed directly from chipped wood, and those made from recycled paper. Most toilet paper, however, whether virgin or recycled, is wrapped around cardboard cylinders.
Although toilet paper carries an amazing historical past, and its significance to our lives frequents more times daily than the toothbrush, hair spray, shower, or dinner table, we too often forget about the importance of toilet paper. Whether it is due to the bad wrap that comes with its association with the bathroom and what goes on there, or just the simple fact that we have never had to do without it, this multiple purpose paper provides for us, makes things more convenient for us, and ultimately helps us look, feel and be clean.
Toilet paper is also very versatile. Outside of its obvious use, many people find that it makes a great substitute for that all too common problem of an empty Kleenex box. Others find that it is perfect for Halloween costumes, like mummy’s, or zombies, while others use it to decorate certain peoples’ houses during the middle of the night. Whatever the case may be, toilet paper is always there for us and always providing for us.
Some people like to poke fun at it, like Seinfeld, or MTV’s Beavis and Butthead, while others like to waste it, or “eat it”. You all know what I am talking about, the type of person that consumes half of the roll per trip to the bathroom, because of one bad experience that caused them to be petrified of ever getting their hands dirty. While some others wouldn’t know the difference between the various brands of toilet paper, nor care for that matter…even if you were to replace the transparent, paper-thin toilet paper that UST uses with that of the softest, most expensive and soothing brand.
Speaking of which, just where are those tuition dollars of ours going? For the expense of one class, you would think that UST administration could work something out to provide a little more comfort than that of the paper found in our notebooks we take notes on during class. It seems as though for most people, we don’t really recognize the convenience of toilet paper until one day when we have to relieve ourselves and we are left stranded, as the empty hook stares back at us with laughter and revenge.
In a research made by Yaffa (2004), the largest amount of recycled and postconsumer wastepaper is the best way to save used materials from the waste stream. Accordingly, bathroom tissue should contain 100% recycled content, including a minimum of 20% postconsumer waste. Paper towels should contain 100% recycled content, including a minimum of 40% postconsumer waste. Also, bathroom tissue and paper towels should contain no added pigments, inks, dyes or fragrances, and should be unbleached or bleached preferably without any chlorine derivatives to minimize release of toxic chemicals in production. In addition, choosing products with environmentally preferable packaging further diverts materials from the waste stream and avoids contamination of the environment with toxins and other harmful chemicals.
Cengage (2002) said that the average American uses over 100 single rolls about 21,000 sheets each year. It's used not only for bathroom hygiene, but for nose care, wiping up spills, removing makeup, and small bathroom cleaning chores. Manufacturers estimate that an average single roll lasts five days.
In a study made by Tollefsrud (1997), it was estimated that 71.48 frugal people contribute to the waste of one roll of 1,000 sheet single ply toilet paper everyday. With a little over 6 billion humans living on earth, that calls for the daily production of 83,048,116 rolls per day with no days off and no vacations, 30.6 billion rolls per year and 2.7 rolls per second. Strangely enough, that’s 80% greater than our daily consumption or use of salt, 63% greater than our average use of milk, and 84 billion more people served annually than McDonald’s fast food restaurants. Yet, still we often times remain oblivious to toilet paper and take advantage of the convenience it provides for us.
According from the website Clark (1998), toilet paper finds usefulness in areas other than its primary one. Survey participants reported the following: Nose Care - 61%, wiping small spills - 17%, removing makeup - 8%, cleaning mirrors - 7%, cleaning a child's hands/face - 3% (Charmin.com), also used to cover the toilet seat and to clean glasses.
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